{"id":65421,"date":"2026-04-07T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T15:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.publicbooks.org\/?p=65421"},"modified":"2026-04-06T11:06:37","modified_gmt":"2026-04-06T16:06:37","slug":"albert-o-hirschmans-the-passions-and-the-interests","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.publicbooks.org\/albert-o-hirschmans-the-passions-and-the-interests\/","title":{"rendered":"B-Sides: Albert O. Hirschman\u2019s \u201cThe Passions and the Interests\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>It is a short book, an elegant book, and an erudite one. And once you have read it, you will never forget its argument. The pursuit of economic self-interest was condemned as one of the seven deadly sins by Christian theologians and before that reviled by ancient philosophers as an insatiable appetite. In the blood-stained 16th and 17th centuries, though, it was enlisted to combat the still more destructive passions of political ambition and religious fanaticism. By the mid-18th century, the Christian sin of avarice had improbably become <em>le doux commerce<\/em>: tamer of the passions, guardian of political freedom, and engine of civilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I first encountered Albert O. Hirschman\u2019s <em>The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph<\/em> (Princeton University Press, 1977) while writing my doctoral dissertation. I hardly knew anything about his august reputation as an economist and political thinker, much less his earlier career fighting against fascist forces first in the Spanish Civil War and later in the French Resistance. Nor did I realize that its lucid, witty English prose had been written in what was probably the author\u2019s fourth language (at least), acquired after his native German, plus French, Spanish, Italian, and no doubt Latin and Greek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I thought of Hirschman as a historian, indeed, the most beguiling historian I\u2019d ever read. He seemed to have read everything, from Saint Augustine to Machiavelli to Montesquieu among the greater figures but also La Rochefoucauld and Sir James Steuart among the lesser. Yet by the standards of historians (especially a fledgling historian writing her doctoral dissertation) the number of footnotes was shockingly small, and the citations to secondary sources smaller still. Most historians would rather go out naked in public than prune their copious footnotes. Hirschman\u2019s minimalism in this regard seemed to me an act of daring akin to waving a red flag in front of a charging bull\u2014as I imagined reviewers for historical journals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n    <div class=\"wp-block-group pattern related-reading has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained items-1\">\n\n                      <div class=\"block-heading\">\n            Related readings          <\/div>\n      \n      \n          <div class=\"wp-block-columns wp-block-post gap-tight is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n\n              <div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis: 50%;\">\n                  <figure class=\"wp-block-post-featured-image\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.publicbooks.org\/cooking-monasteries-arithmetic-lorraine-daston-on-the-history-of-rules\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.publicbooks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Daston_credit-SCAS-1000x600.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-feature_img_crop size-feature_img_crop wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>                  <\/figure>\n              <\/div>\n\n              <div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis: 50%;\">\n\n                  <div class=\"taxonomy-category wp-block-post-terms\">\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.publicbooks.org\/category\/interviews\/\" rel=\"tag\">Interviews<\/a>\n                  <\/div>\n\n                  <h5 class=\"h6 wp-block-post-title\">\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.publicbooks.org\/cooking-monasteries-arithmetic-lorraine-daston-on-the-history-of-rules\/\" target=\"_self\">Cooking, Monasteries, Arithmetic: Lorraine Daston on the History of Rules<\/a>\n                  <\/h5>\n\n                      <div class=\"pb-author-block display-inline\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.publicbooks.org\/author\/elizabeth-ferry\/\" class=\"pb-author-name\">\n          Elizabeth Ferry        <\/a>, et al.\n      <\/div>\n    \n              <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n      \n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p>In retrospect, I realize that Hirschman\u2019s book was not a monograph but a historical essay. That genre has become almost extinct since Leopold Ranke and his devotees professionalized history in the 19th century. A monograph is just what it says: a piece of writing about a single, specific topic treated in detail. It aims to be authoritative about just that one thing. In contrast, an essay is licensed to wander over many centuries and contents, to connect apparently disparate ideas, and to charm as well as illuminate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The Passions and the Interests<\/em> charms the reader as it persuades. Much of that charm is about its content as well as its style. At one level, it is a history of the invisible-hand argument that emerges everywhere in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, whether in Adam Smith\u2019s political economy, Kant\u2019s universal history, or Hegel\u2019s \u201cruse of reason\u201d: how the selfish decisions of individuals can unintentionally promote collective welfare and progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In its most famous version, Adam Smith tells the story of a Scottish warlord of the sort who used to terrorize the countryside with his private army of rough-and-tough mercenaries. Like the Mafia protection racket of a later era, peasants and townspeople who refused to pay tribute to the warlord risked rape, pillage, and worse from his minions. As trade quickened in the 16th and 17th centuries, all manner of enticing commodities began to tickle the warlord\u2019s fancy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>At a deeper level, though, Hirschman\u2019s book is a history of the invisible hand at work even within those very arguments for the existence of the invisible hand. <\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In Smith\u2019s example, the warlord covets a pair of diamond buckles to adorn his boots, and, to gratify his egotistical vanity, spends the money that ought to have paid his private army to buy the baubles. Gradually, the disgruntled mercenaries drift away; the warlord can no longer terrorize the surrounding countryside; peace reigns and commerce flourishes. Like an alchemist, the \u201cinvisible hand\u201d has transformed the base metal of the warlord\u2019s vanity into the pure gold of peace and prosperity for all. The invisible hand performs the work of divine providence, but without God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At a deeper level, though, Hirschman\u2019s book is a history of the invisible hand at work even within those very arguments for the existence of the invisible hand. If the pursuit of self-interest will rein in barbaric passions and thereby promote freedom and peace, the appetite for peace and prosperity may culminate in the unintended consequence of stifling the desire for freedom. Hirschman ends the book with a few 19th-century witnesses who realized that <em>le doux commerce<\/em> had become <em>le commerce sauvage<\/em>. A people who value their comfort and calm more than their freedom are all too prone to accept a despot, as long as the stock market continues to boom. Read now, almost 50 years later, those words sound chillingly prescient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>A German version of this text first appeared in <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/abo.nzz.ch\/m_99998148_3\/\">NZZ Geschichte<\/a><em><a href=\"https:\/\/abo.nzz.ch\/m_99998148_3\/\"> Nr. 61<\/a> (Dezember 2025).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cThe Passions and the Interests\u201d charms the reader as it persuades. Much of that charm is about its content as well as its style.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":65608,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[258,13,119,1298,1098,1077,1075],"pbpartner":[],"section":[],"pbseries":[2274],"class_list":["post-65421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essays","tag-b-sides","tag-capitalism","tag-economics","tag-liberalism","tag-political-philosophy","tag-political-science","tag-princeton-university-press","pbseries-b-sides"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>B-Sides: Albert O. 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